 |
|
Colville Indian Reservation Chronology and Avery Project Bibliography 1834: Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) created under the War Department 1849: BIA moved into the Department of the Interior 1855: Treaty between Territorial Governor Stevens and several eastern Washington tribes led by (Yakima) Chief Kamiakin established several large reservations; Congress ratified the treaty in 1859 1858: Hostilities between Col. Steptoe and Coeur d'Alene, Spokane, and Palouse tribes 1872: Colville Reservation created; original eastern boundary went to the 118th meridian and included good agricultural land, but the line was shifted west to the middle of the Columbia River; about 3,400 Indians lived on or near the reservation 1877: St. Francis Regis Mission School, an industrial boarding school located near Fort Colville, and a day school, also run by Catholic missionaries, open; their combined capacity was 85 students 1877-1885: Chief Joseph led Nez Perce (NP) flight from Wallowa, OR (1877); after surrendering, the NP were incarcerated (until 1879) at Fort Leavenworth, KS and settled in Oklahoma (until 1885); because of local white opposition to settling Joseph's band of the NP with the other NP on Lapwai, ID reservation, his band was sent to the Colville Res. in 1885 1881: Spokane Reservation created by Executive Order (ratified by Congress in 1892); Colville Indian Agent was responsible for administration of both reservation (until 1912) 1883: Northern Pacific RR completed, which spurred thousands of white settlers to begin settling in the greater Spokane area 1885: French Jesuit Etienne de Rouge opens a boarding school near Omak Lake; St. Mary's log cabin building was constructed in 1889 1887: Dawes Act authorizes the division of tribal lands into individual allotments ranging from 40 to 160 acres, and non-allotted lands to be sold. Throughout the country this resulted in a winnowing of reservation acreage from 136 million acres (1887) to 73 million acres (1911), but Colville Tribes took very few individual allotments 1890: A federal day school opened in Nespelem, but Chiefs Joseph and Moses discouraged parents from sending their children to it; the two leaders argued for a boarding school, because long distances and limited transportation hindered the efficacy of the day school 1890: A poorly situated federal boarding school for Okanogans opened, but burnt to the ground seven years later 1890: Frank Avery joined the Indian school service branch of the BIA 1891: Colville Tribes ceded northern half of their reservation for $1.5 million, although actual payment is not approved until 1906; about 650 Indians kept 80 acre allotments in the northern half 1898: Avery begins as Supt. of Fort Spokane Boarding School 1899: The federal boarding school at Fort Spokane opened 1903: Colville Indian Agent Major Albert M. Anderson is removed from office after the disclosure of several financial misdeeds, including, among other things, forging names on an annuity payment and then keeping the money 1904: Captain John McAdam Webster became Indian Agent for the Colville (and Spokane) Reservation 1904: Chief Joseph dies 1905: McLaughlin Agreement affirms the U.S. Government's $1.5 million payment for the cession of the northern half of the reservation (1891-2), but it will still take several years to dispense the various allotments 1906: Six day schools open (4 on Colville Reservation, 2 on Spokane Reservation); this helped boost overall attendance on the reservation from 48% in 1906 to 63% in 1907; from 1903 to 1915, school attendance at the two reservations increased 70%, compared to just a 21% increase at reservation schools nationwide c.1907: Avery becomes inspector for the various Colville schools 1911: Nine day schools now open (6 on Colville, 3 on Spokane) 1912: Three day schools on the Colville Res. close due to a lack of teachers c.1913: Colville Agency HQ moves from Fort Spokane to Nespelem 1924: Indians acquire U.S. citizenship 1934: Indian Reorganization Act "Indian New Deal" encourages tribal sovereignty and self-administration 1934: Johnson-O'Malley Act provides federal dollars to local schools educating Indian students (to compensate for the lack of property taxes paid by Indians) 1938: The various Colville tribes (including the Colville, Nespelem, Methow, San Poil, Okanogan, Columbia and Nez Perce) confederate under a new constitution 1950s and 1960s: Termination Movement, which would gradually eliminate federal administration on reservations in exchange for individual cash payments, acquires some popularity nationwide; but the idea was defeated on the Colville Res. c. 1965. Avery Bibliography Boas, Franz, ed., "The Middle Columbia Salish," University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 2, 4 (June 1928): 83-128 Brown, John A. and Robert H. Ruby, The Spokane Indians: Children of the Sun (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970) Chance, David H., Sentinel of Silence: A Brief History of Fort Spokane (Pacific Northwest National Parks Association, 1981) Clear, Delbert, Captain John McAdam Webster, Indian Agent 1904-1914: A Decade of Honorable Service (Master's Thesis, Washington State University, 1962) Foster, Ernest Moore, Pack Train and Transit: First Survey of South Half Colville Indian Reservation, A Personal Account (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 1987) Grdley, M., Kopet: A Documentary Narrative of Chief Joseph's Last Years (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981) Gidley, M., With One Sky Above Us: Life on an Indian Reservation at the Turn of the Century (New York: Putnam, 1979) Hayes, Susanna Adella Hayes, The Resistance to Education for Assimilation by the Colville Indians, 1872-1972, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1973 Raufer, Maria Ilma, Black Robes and Indians on the Last Frontier: A Story of Heroism (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1966) Prepared by Jon Middaugh.
CONTENT Software.
Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections
Washington State University Libraries
Inquiries